Listen sir.
Inspectors are generalist. All you can do is called at what you see and report it.
That’s it!
You don’t have to know why…
I’m trying to make your life easier.
I learned from an old timer that bricks should always be picked from random pallets as they are being laid to avoid this. Even those that are manufactured today and are guaranteed to be identical.
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So should roofing shingles…
And floor or wall tiles…
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That is correct.
There is 500 bricks in a cube and for small jobs, you don’t have that many brick cubes, and even if you do, you can’t overload a staging, so it is the job of the tender under the supervision of the foreman, to make sure when you break the cube, they are distributed carefully so the shading will be distributed properly in the wall when they are laid. Standard practice in brick laying with shaded brick.
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Masonry transitions such as window sills or the formed concrete coping transition below the vinyl siding, require a 15° pitch away from the wall and capillary break below to disperse water away from the brick courses below.
Staining coming from atmospheric grim washed from the siding onto the coping and down to the masonry below. The coping acts like a shelf for debris without a slope.
Observation: Strained masonry below the formed concrete brick coping below the vinyl siding.
Recommend a licensed masonry contractor repair any degraded mortar and provide a capillary break or diverter flashing below the formed concrete coping to divert water away from the masonry wall.
My 2 cents.
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As for the mechanically damaged lower foundation concrete you boxed in red.
The walkway settled mechanically damaging the surface of the poured concrete foundation through the years.
Consider the ‘heavy impervious material,’ poured concrete, expanding and contracting as it settles over time.
My 2 cents.
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Mike, just report what you see and try not to design a fix. Let the qualified professional that you recommend do that. I mean, what happens if your fix doesn’t work? 
Looks like fiber expansion board.
You’re right Larry. I should stay in my lane.
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I see a break line leading to a broken brick. Definitely a sag in the system that mimics the staining. No pitch on the ledge with gaps in caulking and no flashing. Can only wonder the condition of the wall sheathing. Screenshot_20200314-213159_Chrome|236x500
Also, the upper edge of the white cap-stone should have a 10 degree slope to direct runoff water away from wall
…and the cap stones at the transition should be sloped to direct water away from the wall