Sill plates goes on top of masonry (fastening requirements varied)
Rim board, Header Board / Joist and Band board are all the same.
Sole plate is the bottom plate of a framed wall
Top plate (single or double) are obviously the at the top.
Top plates can indeed be single or double depending on how you align your ceiling joist and rafters and of course strap your plates.
Sill plates do not have to be pressure treated per se but rather decay resistant however most builders are not going to be using redwood, cedar and other similar species.
Joists should be at least 18" above ground, girders can be 12"…as in the case of a drop girder, other wise they too must be decay resistant. Same goes with sheathing of the floor.
Since the ICC was adopted by states at different times, the requirement of sill plates would be based upon any local / state requirement when the home was built.
What is more important is not code per se but rather the condition of the band joist (rim board, header board, etc.) and joist themselves.
I have worked with framers from New York to California…its funny to hear all the various jargon on a jobsite.
Jeff